The history of Radium treatment is long and complex, the building and ruin of this incredible place sums up the success, decline and fall of a bizarre craze 100 years ago.
On a flying visit to Portugal, we came across this amazing ruin by chance.
We had no idea what the purpose of the place might be but the results of research proved to be fascinating. It wasn't easy as all information was in Portuguese but with our rusty knowledge we fathomed it out, quite a weird little piece of history tucked away in the middle of nowhere.
Originally this was called Hotel Serra da Pena or Termas de
Águas Radium (Radium Water Baths)it is situated near Caria and Sortelha,
Sabugal in Portugal.
Built between 1910 and 1920 in a neo Moorish/Medieval style
in solid granite it was designed to accommodate 150 guests , 90 in a luxury
wing and the rest in more economical rooms, all partaking of the various
treatments and therapies offered by the spa, enjoying food prepared by an international chef and
the surrounding gardens planted with
thousands of shrubs and trees. All this founded on a deep dark cavity in the
basement where the highly radioactive hot water bubbled up from natural Uranium
deposits in the mountain and was pumped around the hotel for some weird and wonderful
treatments and also its own bottling plant which sold the radium water all over
Portugal.
Walking through the ruined halls and roofless spaces one
struggles to imagine what went on here in the glory years of the 1920s and even
up until the 1940s when nasty rumours started to spread
about radium treatments. Despite 30 years of radium fever the decline was fast
and complete.
In legend the spa was founded by Don Rodrigo, a Spanish
count who discovered the spring whilst hunting in the area and whose daughter
was cured from a dreadful skin condition after drinking and bathing in the "miraculous"
spring waters. In gratitude he ordered the construction of a spa.
But the first recorded information on the thermal baths is
from 1910, when knowledge of radioactivity first started. Radium, discovered by
Pierre and Marie Curie in 1898, is a chemical element belonging to the alkaline
earth metal family. At that time it was promoted as being beneficial to health,
the presence of radium in water was especially considered an important factor
in its therapeutic application. It also coincided with the start of Uranium
mining by the French company Société
d'uranie et Radio in Portugal.
In nature, radium is found in uranium. Radium is not necessary
for living organisms and adverse health effects are likely when it is
incorporated into biochemical processes because of its radioactivity and
chemical reactivity. Currently, other than its use in nuclear medicine, radium
has no commercial application but starting in the early years of the 20th
century there was a veritable radium craze. Radioactivity was promised as a
solution to all physical, psychic, industrial, medical and cosmetic ills. In
the face of such great promises, people went crazy for radioactive elements,
from face creams to children's toys.
It was used as a
radioactive source for radio luminescent devices such as glow in the dark watch
dials, cosmetics and food and drink products but mainly in radioactive quackery
for its supposed curative powers.
Due to the high demand for products with radioactivity,
water bottling and water therapy centres began to vie in demonstrating which of
their waters were the most radioactive. Radioactive water was used to treat the
problems of rheumatism, gout, arterial hypertension, oedema, circulatory
insufficiency, hypertension, kidneys, and gastrointestinal disorders.
The most popular
treatments were radioactive sludge applied to the joints for curing arthritis
and joint problems, radioactive electric pads, baths, ingestion of water and
the new Silla Studa. The Studa chair was
introduced to the spa by the Radium Water Company Ltd. Since the 19th century,
enemas were a highly recommended treatment by various therapists. Colonic
irrigation treatments were not only performed in clinics, but also in spas. One
of its defenders was the famous Dr. Kellogg
of cereal fame who used colon hydrotherapy in the well-known spa of
Battle Creek.
The radium chair used 35 litres of mineral water for a total
disinfection of the colon.
Spas began marketing bottled water, in 1927 at the Lyon
Congress judged that the water from this
spa was one of the most radioactive waters in the world.
."Radium water gives health, vigor and strength"
As further evidence of the radioactivity fever here is an
official map printed by the Portuguese government in the first half of the last
century, used in some schools. What is striking is that the map includes a
chart in which the curative effects of radioactive waters from different pplaces are includes a chart in which the
curative effects of radioactive waters from different places are explained.
These glory days were soon to pass. At the beginning the
authorities only gave advice not to use the radium spas but not to
prohibit. Soon the media interest
increased.
Announcement in the Modern Mecanix de Janeiro magazine in
1933.
The American Medical Association reports the probable
uselessness and even more probable danger of the ingestion of radioactive
waters or the use of other remedies that supposedly contain radio. There is no
evidence that this water is beneficial.
The spa began to decline and by 1944 there were only 44
guests, it suspended activities in 1945. In 1951 the English owned ,Compañía
Portuguesa de Radio would buy the
concession of hotel and mining but it went bankrupt and from 1954 to 1955 the
directors gutted the site of anything saleable including all metallic elements
for sale in Lisbon. Mining activities
ceased in 1961.
The thermal complex was auctioned in Lisbon and bought by a
family whose identity is unknown. Later it was bought by Ramiro Lopes with the
intention of turning it into a luxury hotel, a project that failed. In the year
2000 it was sold to his brother Antonio Lopes in order to become a hotel and a
golf course, and again the project was abandoned.
In the meantime the ruin crumbles a little more each year, maybe soon it will collapse and all that will be left is a trickle of water from deep in the mountain, possibly glowing a little in the dark.
